Localization of Atomic Excitation beyond the Diffraction Limit Using Electromagnetically Induced Transparency

We experimentally demonstrate the localization of excitation between hyperfine ground states of 87Rb atoms to as small as λ/13 wide spatial regions. We use ultracold atoms trapped in a dipole trap and utilize electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) for the atomic excitation. The localization is achieved by combining a spatially varying coupling laser (standing-wave) with the intensity dependence of EIT. The excitation is fast (150 ns laser pulses) and the dark-state fidelity can be made higher than 94% throughout the standing wave. Because the width of the localized regions is much smaller than the wavelength of the driving light, traditional optical imaging techniques cannot resolve the localized features. Therefore, to measure the excitation profile, we use an auto-correlation-like method where we perform two EIT sequences separated by a time delay, during which we move the standing wave.